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Foundations of My project! (Blog #1)

Background

The foundation for the idea of my project began during the summer before my senior year through an examination of various topics within computer science, a field that I am heavily interested in. Having explored topics such as AI, cybersecurity, and ethical computing, I eventually landed on the topic of dark patterns, which I have selected as the prevailing topic to base my research off of. I have previously seen articles about the manipulative nature of social media websites and cases regarding their manipulative design and conducting research on the topic intrigued me. Through exploring the intricacies of website design, I began to see and understand specific design choices on websites I frequently visited and how each was tailored to manipulate a user. As a result, I decided to base my current project on dark patterns, eventually narrowing the project to examining the political lean of individual news websites to explore its impact on the prevalence of dark patterns. Exploring every new website that I find is like a journey, which is a sentiment I also wish to carry in my research project.

Research Question & Hypothesis

Key Terms:​

Dark Patterns

Manipulative Design

UX Design

UI Design

Polarization

Online News

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Hypothesis:

  • There is a correlation between the number of “dark patterns” and how polarized the news website is rated to be.

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Current Research Question:

  • To what extent is there an association between the political affiliation of online news and the prevalence of “dark patterns” in the UX (User Experience) design of online news websites?

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Sub-Questions:

  • What types of dark patterns (nagging, obstruction, sneaking, etc.) are most prevalent within each category of websites (left-lean, moderate, right-lean)?

  • What political lean tends to have the most dark patterns in online news sources?

  • What type of dark pattern (nagging, obstruction, sneaking, etc.) is the most prevalent across all the websites?

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Null Hypothesis

  • There is no correlation between the number of “dark patterns” and how polarized the news website is rated to be.

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Screenshot 2023-11-08 083716.png
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(Mathur, et al., 2021)
(Soe, et al., 2020)
Screenshot 2023-11-07 003926.png

What Do Dark Patterns REALLY Look Like?

(Gray, et al., 2018)
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Current Progress!

       Currently, my project has been approved, and I'm beginning to set up the framework to conduct my research. My methodology consists of selecting ten websites from each political lean (Left, Moderate, Right) through random selection and recording my interaction with each website to tally the number of dark patterns in each. For the purposes of my project, I specifically excluded non-news and non-functioning websites from the selection since the website both needs to be relevant and functioning to be examined.

       So far, I have established the websites I will be examining, which can be seen in the table on the left. The data was selected from an existing study (Bakshy, et al., 2015) which I analyzed using Python code (see below) that I wrote to analyze and sort the websites into separate categories and randomly select ten different websites from each category. I have also finalized a chart of definitions and pictures for each of the dark pattern types that I am examining to make it easier to sort each dark pattern accurately. As the chart is a comprehensive, multi-page chart for each pattern, the finalized chart can be found in the hyperlink below.

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LINK TO DARK PATTERN REFERENCE CHART

Current Goals/Direction.

Currently, as I have my selected websites, I will be going to be recording the videos for each website soon, and I seek to analyze them quickly in the next few weeks so I can be able to get another set of ten websites to increase my data. I would also like to get enough data points to be able to conduct a chi-squared test on my results since just ten websites in each political lean would likely not be enough. However, this may not be feasible depending on how long it takes for me to record, analyze, and mark down each website and the dark patterns that are prevalent. Nonetheless, I am excited to embark on my research journey through its lows and highs!

 

Thank you to everyone for reading my first blog post!

References

Bakshy, Eytan, et al. “Exposure to Ideologically Diverse News and Opinion on Facebook.” Science,      vol. 348, no. 6239, May 2015, pp. 1130–1132, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160.

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Gray, C. M., Kou, Y., Battles, B., Hoggatt, J., & Toombs, A. L. (2018). The Dark

 (Patterns) Side of UX Design. CHI ’18: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174108

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Mathur, Arunesh, et al. “What Makes a Dark Pattern... Dark? Design Attributes, 

Normative Considerations, and Measurement Methods.” CHI ’21: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, May 2021, pp. 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445610.

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Soe, T. H., Nordberg, O. E., Guribye, F., & Slavkovik, M. (2020). Circumvention by

design - dark patterns in cookie consent for online news outlets. NordiCHI ‘20: Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3419249.3420132

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